Overview

A fistula in ano is an abnormal tunnel that forms between the anal canal and the skin near the anus. It often results from an abscess in the anal glands that fails to heal properly, leading to a persistent drainage path. This condition can cause discomfort, pain, and recurrent infections, and it typically requires medical intervention for proper management.

Causes

• Anal Abscess: The most common cause, where an untreated or inadequately treated abscess leads to the formation of a fistula.
• Crohn's Disease: An inflammatory bowel disease that can cause chronic inflammation in the digestive tract, leading to fistula development.
• Trauma: Injury to the anal region, which can occur due to surgery or other physical damage, may result in a fistula.
• Infections: Tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections, or other severe infections can lead to the formation of a fistula.
• Radiation Therapy: Radiation treatment for cancer in the pelvic area can damage tissue, leading to fistula formation.

Treatments

Treatment typically involves surgery, as fistulas rarely heal on their own. The surgical approach depends on the fistula's complexity and location. Options include fistulotomy, where the fistula tract is opened and allowed to heal from the inside out, and seton placement, where a thread is inserted to keep the fistula open for gradual healing. In some cases, advanced techniques like the LIFT procedure or fibrin glue injections may be used. Postoperative care is crucial, with emphasis on maintaining hygiene, managing pain, and preventing infections to ensure successful recovery.