Overview

A breast lump is a localized swelling, bump, or mass in the breast that feels different from the surrounding tissue. While most breast lumps are benign (non-cancerous), they can also be a sign of breast cancer, making it essential to evaluate them promptly. Lumps can vary in texture, size, and mobility and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as pain, changes in breast size, or nipple discharge. Common benign causes include cysts, fibroadenomas, and infections, but it is crucial to distinguish these from malignant lumps through proper medical evaluation.

Causes

• Autoimmune Disorders (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease)
• Fibroadenoma: A benign tumor made of glandular and fibrous breast tissue, common in young women.
• Breast Cysts: Fluid-filled sacs within the breast, often fluctuating with the menstrual cycle.
• Fibrocystic Breast Changes: Non-cancerous changes causing lumpy, tender breasts, usually related to hormonal fluctuations.
• Breast Infection (Mastitis): An infection, often associated with breastfeeding, causing painful, red, and swollen lumps.
• Breast Abscess: A collection of pus within the breast tissue, usually due to infection, presenting as a painful lump.
• Lipoma: A benign, soft, fatty lump that can develop in the breast.
• Trauma: Injury to the breast can cause a lump due to fat necrosis or hematoma.
• Intraductal Papilloma: A small, benign tumor within a milk duct, sometimes causing discharge or a lump near the nipple.
• Phyllodes Tumor: A rare breast tumor that can be benign or malignant, typically presenting as a rapidly growing lump.
• Breast Cancer: A malignant tumor in the breast that can present as a hard, immovable lump, often without pain.

Treatment

Treatment for a breast lump depends on the underlying cause. For benign lumps like fibroadenomas or cysts, monitoring may be recommended, especially if they are small and asymptomatic. In some cases, surgical removal may be considered, particularly if the lump is large, growing, or causing discomfort. Infections such as mastitis or abscesses are typically treated with antibiotics, and drainage of the abscess may be necessary.

If the lump is suspected to be malignant or cancerous, a biopsy is performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for breast cancer may involve a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy, depending on the type and stage of cancer. Early detection and treatment are crucial for the best outcomes, emphasizing the importance of regular breast self-exams and mammograms.